Thursday 25 March 2010

We have come to the medieval city of Ieper (Ypres) in Belgium to explore the WWI sites nearby. We have checked in our Bed and Breakfast and have walked to the Menin Gate to join dozens of others waiting for the Last Post ceremony that has started promptly at 8 PM each evening since 1928. Every evening is different, depending on who is in attendance. Tonight there is a small contingent of local service people, school groups from Scotland and Britain and many tourists. The traffic has been stopped and we have a front row view of the proceedings. Five buglers from volunteer fire brigades form a row at the eastern end of the gate, accompanied by a woman from the Scottish school group with her bagpipes. The buglers play the Last Post, followed by a recitation of the exhortation from Laurence Binyon's "for the Fallen":

There is a minute of silence followed by the laying of wreaths by local officials and two school groups. The ceremony ends with the Reveille played on the bagpipes. It is incredibly moving, so much so that we return the next night to witness the ceremony again.

The British Government built the gate, finished in 1927, on the road that marks the starting point for one of the main roads out of the town that led Allied soldiers to the front line to the east of the city. It commemorates the more than 250,000 British Commonwealth forces who were killed in four battles around Ieper defending the Ypres Salient, the main battle line. The gate is more than a simple archway. It forms a 20 M long and 14.5 M high Hall of Memory arching over the road. More than 100,000 soldiers have no known grave, of whom the names of 54,896 killed before 16 August 1917 are inscribed on the walls of the monument.

Ieper (Ypres) itself was a lovely city to visit. Completely destroyed in 1914 by German artillery attacks, the citizens were evacuated and the city was later retaken by British and became a British military center. At the end of WWI, Winston Churchill wanted to preserve the city as a memorial to the horrors of war. The Belgians disagreed. The Belgian Government subsidized all citizens who wanted to return and rebuild, which they did, magnificently. Rebuilding was also financed by payments from Germany as reparation.

  There is an excellent walking trail on the rebuilt ramparts of the old city walls next to a moat. Flemish style buildings abound. Medieval churches and the Cloth Hall, with its 49 bell belfry have been restored. The Cloth Hall, once the trading center for the local weaving industry and the repository of the City treasury, now houses the excellent In Flanders Field Museum. We spent one morning in the museum experiencing the displays with an excellent explanation of WWI origins and experiences in the trenches. It certainly answered many of our questions about the WWI experiences in the area.

Ieper bills itself as the City of Peace, but it is also known as Cat City. In medieval times, live cats were thrown from Cloth hall belfry to ensure good luck. Now a jester throws toy cats from the belfry and there is a Cat Parade every third year on second Sunday in May with everyone in cat costumes.

John Stephens had included a suggested circle tour of Canadian cemetaries and memorials on his website, which we used as a base for an afternoon tour. We managed to visit several important sites near Ieper. Our first stop was the Hill 62 Memorial and Sanctuary Wood cemetary. The memorial commemorates battles between April to August 1916, the first time Canadian forces were in a planned offensive. The memorial site gave a good view of the southern stretch of the Salient line.

Our next stop was the Passendale (Passcendaele) memorial. If you haven't see the film by Paul Gross, produced in 2008, it is worth while renting.  It depicts a battle of Oct/Nov 1917, ultimately won by Canadian and British forces, but at a horrific loss of life. The Canadian General Currie, Commander of the Canadian Corps, who had excelled at Vimy Ridge, warned of huge loss of life and tried to disuade the British from their plans but was overuled. Record rains had created a sea of mud in which soldiers who slipped off wooden walkways were drowned. The battle was won but at the cost of 15,654 Canadian soldiers and about 500,000 Commonwealth lives were lost for a gain of a mere 2 sq miles.

We had missed the turnoff to the Tyne Cot British cemetary on our way to Passendale, so we backtracked and visited this impressive site. It was the British tradition to bury soldiers killed in battle at the site of their death. Tyne Cot greatly expanded an original battlefield cemetary of 353 graves to include include those follen in the battlefields and those buried in smaller cemetaries nearby. It is now the biggest Commonwealth cemetary and the most visited. A very good visitor's center was opened by Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip in 2007 and is well worth visiting. Included in the cemetary is a Memorial to the Missing. The back wall is inscribed with the names of 35,000 British and Commonwealth soldiers who died after 17 August 1917 and whose graves are unknown.

Frederick Clemens was the second place winner of the contest to design the Vimy Ridge Memorial. His design was originally intended to be the built for the remaining Canadian memorials. It was so impressive that the sculpture of the Brooding Soldier, was built near St Julien and not repeated elsewhere. It is a beautiful, evocative monument that stands beside well-tended gardens at a cross roads as a monument to the futility of war. The site commemorates 2,000 Canadian soldiers who were victims of the first German gas attacks between 22-24 April 1915.

Our last stop of the day was not to be missed. John MacRae, a medical doctor from Guelph Ontario, volunteered early in WWI. He was stationed at a field station on the site of the John MacRae Memorial and Essex Farm Cemetary where he composed his famous poem "In Flanders Fields" in bunkers used as medical stations. The poem, memorized by generations of Canadian school children, is inscribed on a plaque on the site. It is also included in the In Flanders Field museum in Ieper and recited ecovatively as part of the displays.

We visited only a portion of the cemetaries and memorials to WWI in France and Belgium. We met several people who were on repeat trips to the area. Many had become students of the history of this period, learning more each time they came back. We would return as well, even exploring the area by bicyle as there are 1,000 Km of bike paths criss-crossing the countryside. It was an unforgetable visit.

Click WWI Sites France and Belgium to see photos using Picasa. Click "Slide Show" to view photos, then click the Back Arrow to return to this page

Click here to read Part 1: Vimy Ridge France